Abstract
A Plant can be considered as a storehouse of a huge number of chemicals biosynthesized by many metabolic pathways like photosynthesis, glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, shikimic acid pathway, mevalonic acid pathway, etc. Primary metabolites include sugars, citric acid, Kreb's cycle intermediates, amino acids, protein, nucleic acid, and polysaccharides. Primary metabolites are identical in all living plant cells and they carry out basic life activities like growth, cell division, storage, respiration, and reproduction. On the other hand, the secondary plant metabolites, well-known as phytoconstituents are derived from primary metabolites by the influence of various surroundings stress like light, temperature, and different metals with the help of several metabolic pathways. The formation of secondary metabolites is very much specific to the plant family concern. By using similar primary metabolites, plants of various families produce a large number of different secondary metabolites having various pharmaceutical values. Generally, secondary metabolites of the plant have a great role to defense from herbivorous and pathogens, attract other animals and protect from UV radiation. Moreover, secondary metabolites show a lot of importance in the pharmaceutical application as medicines used for the treatment of various diseases in the folklore medicine as well as traditional medicine. They are also used as flavors in pharmaceutical ingredients, perfumes in pharmaceutical and perfumery industry, insecticides, dyes, polymers used for the preparation new drug delivery systems and therefore, they have a great value to economic concern.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akihisa T, Koike K, Kimura Y, Sashida N, Matsumoto T, Ukiya M, Nikaido T (1999) Acyclic and incompletely cyclized triterpene alcohols in the seed oils of theaceae and gramineae. Lipids 34(11):1151–1175
Ali M (2019) Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 2nd edn. CBS Publishers and Distribution, New Delhi, pp 1–514
Amann R, Peskar BA (2002) Anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin and sodium salicylate. Eur J Pharmacol 447(1):1–9
Anbalahan N (2017) Pharmacological activity of mucilage isolated from medicinal plants. Int J Appl Pure Sci Agri 3(1): 98–113. e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p-ISSN: 2394-823X
Aniszewski T (2007) Alkaloids-secrets of life: alkaloid chemistry, biological significance, applications and pharmacological role, Elsevier, pp 1–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52736-3.X5000-4.
Asif HM, Akram M, Saeed TM, Khan I, Akhtar N, Ur Rehman R, Ali Shah SM, Ahmed K, Shaheen G (2011) Review paper carbohydrates. Int Res J Biochem Bioinformatics 1(1):1–5
Assa Y, Shany S, Gestetner B, Tencer Y, Birk Y, Bondi A (1973) Interaction of alfalfa saponins with components of the erythrocyte membrane in hemolysis. Biochem Biophys Acta 307(1):83–91
Au TK, Chick PC, Leung PC (2000) The biology of ophiobolins. Life Sci 67:733–742
Bagci E, Yazgin A, Hayta S, Cakilcioglu U (2010) Composition of the essential oil of Teucrium chamaedrys L. (Lamiaceae) from Turkey, J Med Plants Res 4(23): 2587–2589
Baker EA (1982) Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. In: Cutler DF, Alvin KL (eds) The plant cuticle, Price C.E Academic press, London, UK. ISBN 0-12-19990-3
Bennets HW, Underwood EJ, Shier FL (1946) A specific breeding problem of sheep in subterranean clover pastures in Western Australia. Aust Vet J 22(1):2–12
Bergman ME, Davis B, Phillips A (2019) Review: medically useful plant terpenoids—biosynthesis occurrence and mechanism of action. Molecules 24:3961–3983. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213961
Bourgaud F, Gravot A, Milesi S, Gontier E (2001) Production of plant secondary metabolites: a historical perspective. Plant Sci 161:839–851
Bruni R et al (2019) Botanical sources chemistry analysis and biological activity of furanocoumarins of pharmaceutical interest. Molecules 24:2163–2187
Catarino MD, Silva AMS, Cruz MT, Cardoso SM (2017) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Geranium robertianum L. decoctions. Food and Function 8(9): 3355–3365. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00881c
Cheeke PR (2001) Glycosides: naturally occurring, Wiley online library. https://10.1038/npg.els.0000692
Clarke EGC (1970) The forensic chemistry of alkaloids. In: Manske HF (ed) The Alkaloids, vol XII. Academic Press, New York, pp 514–590
Croteau R, Kutchan TM, Lewis NG (2000) Natural products (Secondary metabolites). In: Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL (eds) Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. Courier companies Inc., USA, pp 1250–1318
Culioli G, Mathe C, Archier P, Vieillescazes C (2003) A lupane triterpene from frankincense (Boswellia sp., Burseraceae). Phytochemistry 62:537–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00538-1
Cunha WR, Andrade e Silva ML, Veneziani RCL, Ambrosio SR, Bastos JK (2012) Lignans: chemical and biological properties. In: Phytochemicals—a global perspective of their role in nutrition and health, pp 213–234. 105772/28471
Dai J, Mumper RJ (2010) Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties, Molecules 15(10):7313–7352
El Aziz MMA, Ashour AS, Melad ASG (2019) A review on saponins from medicinal plants: chemistry isolation and determination. J Nanomed Res 8(1):6–12
Evans D, Mitch C (1982) Studies directed towards the total synthesis of morphine alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 23(3):285–288
Evans WC (2009) Pharmacognosy, 16th edn. Edinburgh, London, New York Philadelphia, St Louis Sydney Toronto, pp 1–616
Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Murphy RC, Nishijima M, Raetz CR, Shimizu T, Spener F, van Meer G, Wakelam MJ, Dennis EA (2009) Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids. J Lipid Res 50(Suppl):S9–S14. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200
Gehm BD, McAndrews JM, Chien P, Jameson JL (1997) Resveratrol a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine is an agonist for the estrogen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(25):14138–14143
Giweli AA, Dzamic AM, Sokovic M, Ristic M, Janac kovic P, Marin P (2013) The chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Salvia fruticosa Growing Wild in Libya. Archives Bio Sci 1(65):321–329
Goenka P, Sarawgi A, Karun V, Nigam AG, Dutta S, Marwah N (2013) Camellia sinensis (tea): implications and role in preventing dental decay. Pharmacognosy Rev 7(14):152–156. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.120515
Golawska S, Sprawka I, Lukasik I, Golawski A (2013) Are naringenin and quercetin useful chemicals in pest-management strategies. J Pest Sci 87(1):173–180
Guclu-Ustundag O, Mazza G (2007) Saponins: properties, applications and processing, critical reviews in food science and nutrition 47:231–258. ISSN: 1040–8398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390600698197
Hagerman AE, Butler LG (1981) The specificity of proanthocyanidin-protein interactions. J Bio Chem 10(256):4494–4497
Harborne JB, Baxter H (1993) Phytochemical dictionary: a handbook of bioactive compounds from plants. Taylor and Francis, London, Washington, DC
Herrmann K, Nagel CW (1989) Occurrence and content of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid compounds in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 28(4):315–347
Hikino H(1985) Recent research on oriental medicinal plants. ln: Wanger H, Hiniko H, Farnsworth NR (eds) Economic and medicinal plant research, vol 1. Academic Press, London, pp 53–85
Hoffmann D (2003) Medical herbalism: The science and practice of herbal medicine. Healing Arts Press, One Park Street, Rochester, Vermont (978-089281749-8)
Hossain MT, Asadujjaman M, Manik MIN, Matin MA, Chowdhury RZ, Rashid MH (2019) Review: a study on the pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of alkaloids glycosides and saponins. Pharmaceutical and Chem J 6(2):112–122
Ishikura H, Mochizuki T, Izumi Y, Usui T, Sawada H, Uchino H (1984) Differentiation of mouse leukemic M1 cells induced by polyprenoids. Leuk Res 8(5):843–852
Jepson RG, Craig JC (2008) Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections, cochrane database of systematic reviews 1:CD001321, pub 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001321.
Jones ME, Kossel A (1953) A biographical sketch. Yale J Bio Med 26(1):80–97
Jung H, Su B, Keller W, Mehta R, Kinghorn A (2006) Antioxidant and xanthones from pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). J Agri Food Chem 54(6):2077–2082
Kaur J (2010) Chemistry of natural products, S. Vikas and company (publishing house), 1st ed. Jalandhar, India, pp 1–452. ISBN: 978-81-909385-3-2
Khowala S, Verma D, Banik SP (2008) Carbohydrates—biomolecules: introduction, structure, and function, National Science Digital Library, pp 1–93. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200787272
Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB (2005) Pharmacognosy. Nirali Prakashan, India, pp 1–618
Lalonde RT (2005) Terpenes and terpenoids. Van Nostrand’s Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471740039.vec2473
Montanher AB, Zucolotto SM, Schenkel EP, Frode TS (2007) Evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of Passiflora edulis in an inflammation model. J Ethnopharmacol 109(2):281–288
Morrison RT, Boyd RN (2004) Organic chemistry, 6th edn. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 1–1278
Mugford ST, Osbourn A (2013) Saponin synthesis and function. In: Bach TJ, Rohmer M (Eds) Isoprenoid synthesis in plants and microorganisms: new concepts and experimental approaches, Springer Science and Business media, New York
Nicolaou KC, Jason S, Chen EJC ( 2011) In: Classics in total synthesis. further targets, strategies, methods III. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 1–770. ISBN:978-3-527-32957-1
Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR (2016) Flavonoids: an overview. . J Nutrional Sci 5:1–15
Papanov GY, Malakov PY (1980) Furanoid diterpenes in the bitter fraction of Teucrium chamaedrys L. Naturforsch 35b:764–766
Park ES, Moon WS, Song MJ, Kim MN, Chung KH, Yoon JS (2001) Antimicrobial activity of phenol and benzoic acid derivatives. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 47(4):209–214
Pelczar MJ, ChanECS KNR (1988) The control of microorganisms by physical agents. Microbiology. McGraw-Hill International, New York, pp 469–509
Pengelly A (2004) In: The constituents of medicinal plants: an introduction to the chemistry and therapeutics of herbal medicine, CABI Publishing, pp 1–184
Perveen S (2018) Introductory chapter: terpenes and terpenoids. In: Terpenes and terpenoids, Intechopen, pp 1–13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79683.
Santos-Sanchez NF, Coronado RS, Carlos BH, Canongo CV(2019) Shikimic acid pathway in biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. In: Plant physiological aspects of phenolic compounds, Intechopen, pp 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83815
Seigler DS (1995) Plant Secondary Metabolism. Springer Science Business Media, New York. ISBN: 978-1-4613-7228-8; ISBN: 978-1-4615-4913-0 (eBook). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4913-0
Serafini M, Peluso I, Raguzzini A (2010) Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents. Proc Nutr Soc 69(3):273–278. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966511000162X
Sieniawska E, Baj T (2017) Tannins—an overview. In: Badal S, Delgoda R (eds) Pharmacognosy fundamental, application and strategies. Science Direct, pp 199–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802104-0.00010-X
Sparg SG, Staden JV (2004) Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. J Ethnopharmacology 94(2–3):219–243
Subramaniam S, Fahy E, Gupta S, Sud M, Byrnes RW, Cotter D, Dinasarapu AR, Maurya MR (2011) Bioinformatics and systems biology of the lipidome. Chem Rev 111(10):6452–6490. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200295k
Susana J, Beatriz GM, Fabiana CM, Maria AD, Moacir GP (2011) Antifungal activity of five species of Polygala. Brazilian J Microbiol 42(3):1065–1075. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-838220110003000027
Tadeusz A (2015) Alkaloids: chemistry, biology, ecology, and applications, Elsevier, 2nd ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp 1–97. ISBN: 13: 978–0444594334
Tyler VE, Brady .R, Robbers JE (1988) Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
Wallis TE (2005) Textbook of pharmacognosy, 5th edn. CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Wang TY, Li Q, Bi KS (2018) Bioactive flavonoids in medicinal plants: structure, activity and biological fate. Asian J Pharmaceutical Sci 13(1):12–23
Wilhelm R, Hermann M (2012) “Esters, organic” Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH and Co, KGaA, Weinheim. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a09_565.pub2
Winkel-Shirley B (2001) Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and biotechnology. Plant Physiol 126:485-493
Xu L, Wu Y, Zhao X, Zhang W (2015) The study on biological and pharmacological activity of coumarins. In: Asia-Pacific energy equipment engineering research conference, pp 135–138
Yi Z, Wang Z, Li H, Liu M (2004) Inhibitory effect of tellimagrandin I on chemically induced differentiation of human leukemia K562 cells. Toxicol Lett 147(2):109–119
Zbigniew S, Beata Z, Kamil J, Roman F, Barbara K, Andrzej D (2014) Antimicrobial and antiradical activity of extracts obtained from leaves of three species of the genus Pyrus. Microbial Drug Resist 20(4):337–343. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2013.0155
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kandar, C.C. (2021). Secondary Metabolites from Plant Sources. In: Pal, D., Nayak, A.K. (eds) Bioactive Natural Products for Pharmaceutical Applications. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 140. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54027-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54027-2_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-54026-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-54027-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)