Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil from Ecuadorian Endemic Species Croton ferrugineus and Its Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

Molecules. 2021 Jul 29;26(15):4608. doi: 10.3390/molecules26154608.

Abstract

Croton ferrugineus Kunth is an endemic species of Ecuador used in traditional medicine both for wound healing and as an antiseptic. In this study, fresh Croton ferrugineus leaves were collected and subjected to hydrodistillation for extraction of the essential oil. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer using a non-polar and a polar chromatographic column. The antibacterial activity was assayed against three Gram-positive bacteria, one Gram-negative bacterium and one dermatophyte fungus. The radical scavenging properties of the essential oil was evaluated by means of DPPH and ABTS assays. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify thirty-five compounds representing more than 99.95% of the total composition. Aliphatic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trans-caryophyllene was the main constituent with 20.47 ± 1.25%. Other main compounds were myrcene (11.47 ± 1.56%), β-phellandrene (10.55 ± 0.02%), germacrene D (7.60 ± 0.60%), and α-humulene (5.49 ± 0.38%). The essential oil from Croton ferrugineus presented moderate activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) with an MIC of 1000 μg/mL, a scavenging capacity SC50 of 901 ± 20 µg/mL with the ABTS method, and very strong antiglucosidase activity with an IC50 of 146 ± 20 µg/mL.

Keywords: Croton ferrugineus; antiglucosidase activity; antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; chemical composition; essential oil.

MeSH terms

  • Acyclic Monoterpenes / chemistry
  • Acyclic Monoterpenes / isolation & purification
  • Alkenes / chemistry
  • Alkenes / isolation & purification
  • Anti-Infective Agents / chemistry*
  • Anti-Infective Agents / isolation & purification
  • Anti-Infective Agents / pharmacology
  • Antioxidants / chemistry*
  • Antioxidants / isolation & purification
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology
  • Benzothiazoles / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Biphenyl Compounds / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Candida albicans / drug effects
  • Candida albicans / growth & development
  • Croton / chemistry*
  • Cyclohexane Monoterpenes / chemistry
  • Cyclohexane Monoterpenes / isolation & purification
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / chemistry*
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / isolation & purification
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology
  • Escherichia coli / drug effects
  • Escherichia coli / growth & development
  • Gram-Positive Bacteria / drug effects
  • Gram-Positive Bacteria / growth & development
  • Microbial Sensitivity Tests
  • Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes / chemistry
  • Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes / isolation & purification
  • Oils, Volatile / chemistry*
  • Picrates / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Plant Leaves / chemistry*
  • Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes / chemistry
  • Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes / isolation & purification
  • Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane / chemistry
  • Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane / isolation & purification
  • Sulfonic Acids / antagonists & inhibitors
  • alpha-Glucosidases / chemistry

Substances

  • Acyclic Monoterpenes
  • Alkenes
  • Anti-Infective Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Benzothiazoles
  • Biphenyl Compounds
  • Cyclohexane Monoterpenes
  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes
  • Oils, Volatile
  • Picrates
  • Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes
  • Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane
  • Sulfonic Acids
  • 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
  • beta-phellandrene
  • myrcene
  • humulene
  • caryophyllene
  • 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
  • alpha-Glucosidases
  • germacrene D