Isolation and characterisation of nematicidal compound, leolorin C, from Leonotis leonurus acetone leaf extract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial shrub native to South Africa used to treat various diseases including digestive tract problems, intestinal worms and constipation.

Aim of the study: The aim was to isolate and characterise nematicidal compounds from leaves of L. leonurus.

Materials and methods: Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out using the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Structural elucidation of the purified compound was carried out using NMR spectroscopic analyses and UPLC-QTOF-MS. The fractions and the isolated compound were tested for nematicidal activity on motility of plant-parasitic Meloidogyne incognita juveniles (J2s) and J2 hatch inhibition. Further screening was done to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fractions against bacterial phytopathogens and cytotoxicity against Vero kidney cells.

Results: Leoleorin C isolated from L. leonurus had moderate activity against C. elegans juveniles (34%) but was not active against J2 motility and J2 hatch of M. incognita. Thus, activity against the free-living C. elegans did not correspond with efficacy against plant-parasitic nematodes. Leoleorin C was not active against the tested bacterial phytopathogens, but some activity was observed in the bioautography assay against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, the organism causing bacterial canker in tomatoes. The plant extract, fractions and leolorin C were relatively non-toxic to Vero cells with LC₅₀ values greater than 0.01 mg/mL.

Conclusion: The crude extract of L. leonurus and fractions may be useful in developing complementary treatments for controlling nematodes and phytopathogens. This study does not support the use of free-living nematodes as a model to isolate anti-parasitic compounds from plants.