Abstract
Vitexin and iso-vitexin, potential bioactive compounds for nutraceutical or pharmaceutical applications, are natural phenolic compounds present in mung bean seed coats. These compounds could be extracted using ethanol-based solvent. Improving the purity of vitexin and iso-vitexin in the crude extract is important for efficient use. This work proposed a continuous system for the separation of vitexin and iso-vitexin based on isocratic liquid chromatography. The adsorption characteristics of individual compound was investigated via pulse injection and breakthrough experiments. The appropriate mobile phase was 18–82–2.5%v/v ethanol–water–acetic acid based on selectivity and resolution of the separation, toxicity of mobile phase, and pressure drop in the system using SUPELCOSIL LC-18 column as stationary phase. The adsorption parameters verified by adsorption–desorption experiments of a binary mixture of vitexin and iso-vitexin were used for designing a three-zone simulated moving bed (SMB) system for the separation both compounds. Finally, a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operating conditions of the SMB. At the optimal conditions (maximized productivity was 0.3417 mg/L min), the switching time was 16 min and the flowrate ratio in sections I, II and III was 3.400, 2.920, and 3.150, respectively. The purity of vitexin and iso-vitexin was 98.46% and 98.44%, respectively.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- \(AARD\) :
-
Average absolute relative deviation (%)
- \(C_{F,i}\) :
-
Feed concentration of component \(i\) (g/L)
- \(C_{i}\) :
-
Concentration of component \(i\) in fluid phase (g/L)
- \(D_{ax,i}\) :
-
Axial dispersion coefficient (m2/s)
- \(D_{eff,i}\) :
-
Effective diffusivity (cm2/s)
- \(D_{m,i}\) :
-
The contribution of molecular diffusion coefficient (cm2/s)
- \(d_{p}\) :
-
Particle diameter (cm)
- \(H_{i}\) :
-
Isotherm slope
- \(k_{f,ij}\) :
-
Convective mass transfer coefficient (cm/s)
- \(k_{LDF,i}\) :
-
Linear driving force coefficient (1/s)
- \(K_{LDF,i}\) :
-
The global linear driving force mass transfer coefficient (1/s)
- \(L_{C}\) :
-
Column length (m)
- \(M_{f}\) :
-
Molecular weight of the solvent (g/mol)
- \(m_{k}\) :
-
Dimensionless flow rate in each section k of SMB unit
- \(NDP\) :
-
Number of data points
- \(Pe\) :
-
The Péclet number
- \(Prod.\) :
-
Productivity (mg/L min)
- \(PurR\) :
-
Purities of Raffinate (%)
- \(PurX\) :
-
Purities of extract (%)
- \(\overline{q}_{i}\) :
-
Concentration of component \(i\) in solid phase (g/L)
- \(q_{i}^{*}\) :
-
Solid phase concentration in equilibrium with fluid bulk (g/L)
- \(Q_{k}\) :
-
Internal flow rate (mL/min) in section k of SMB unit
- \(Re\) :
-
Reynolds number
- \(Rec\) :
-
Recovery (%)
- \(R_{p}\) :
-
The adsorbent particle radius (cm)
- \(R_{S}\) :
-
Resolution
- \(Sh\) :
-
Sherwood number
- \(t\) :
-
Time (s)
- \(T\) :
-
Absolute temperature (K)
- \(t^{*}\) :
-
Switching time in SMB (s)
- \(t_{R,i}\) :
-
Retention time (min)
- \(u\) :
-
Superficial velocity (m/min)
- \(u_{{\text{int}}}\) :
-
Interstitial velocity of fluid (m/s)
- \(W_{1/2,i}\) :
-
Arithmetic mean of two peak widths
- \(V_{bp,i}\) :
-
The solute molar volume at its normal boiling point (cm3/mol)
- \(V_{C}\) :
-
Volume of each column (mL)
- \(V_{extra}\) :
-
Extra volume of connecting tubes (mL)
- \(z\) :
-
Axial coordinate (m)
- \(\theta\) :
-
Dimensionless form of time
- \(\chi\) :
-
Dimensionless form of coordinate
- \(\gamma\) :
-
Dimensionless form of bed porosity
- \(\psi\) :
-
Dimensionless form of mass balance in fluid phase
- \(\alpha\) :
-
Selectivity
- \(\alpha_{i}\) :
-
Dimensionless of mass balance in solid phase
- \(\varepsilon_{b}\) :
-
Bed porosity
- \(\varepsilon_{T}\) :
-
Total porosity
- \(\varepsilon_{p}\) :
-
Particle porosity
- \(\phi\) :
-
Dimensionless association factor for the solvent
- \(\mu_{f}\) :
-
Solvent viscosity (cP)
- \(\Omega\) :
-
Geometric factor
- \(\tau\) :
-
Tortuosity factor
- \(\rho_{f}\) :
-
Solvent density (mg/mL)
- \(A\) :
-
More retained component
- \(B\) :
-
Less retained component
- \(E\) :
-
Eluent stream
- \(F\) :
-
Feed stream
- \(i\) :
-
Component
- \(I,II,III\) :
-
Section in SMB unit
- \(ISV\) :
-
Iso-vitexin
- \(k\) :
-
Section
- \(R\) :
-
Raffinate stream
- \(VIT\) :
-
Vitexin
- \(X\) :
-
Extract stream
- BCG:
-
Bio Circular and Green economy
- CCC:
-
Counter Current Chromatography
- CSS:
-
Cyclic Steady State
- LDF:
-
Linear Driving Force
- NSTDA:
-
Nation Science and Technology Development Agency
- Prep-LC:
-
Preparative Liquid Chromatography
- RSM:
-
Response Surface Methodology
- SMB:
-
Simulated Moving Bed
- TMB:
-
True Moving Bed
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Master-degree Innovation Development Grant, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand [MS 62/10/CHEM/Innovation]. Financial support from the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) is greatly appreciated.
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Maneewan, S., Tangpromphan, P. & Jaree, A. Separation of Vitexin and Iso-vitexin from Mung Bean Seed Coats Using a Three-Zone Simulated Moving Bed (SMB). Waste Biomass Valor 12, 6601–6618 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01493-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01493-z