Abstract
The industrial processing of acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) produces huge quantities of waste material that are badly discarded or undervalued. In spite of this, acerola wastes have a high content of antioxidant compounds. The aim of this work was to study the extraction of antioxidant compounds from acerola residues using ultrasound assisted extraction. Using multiple regression techniques, the effects of ethanol concentration in the hydroethanolic solution (C), extraction time (t), temperature (T), and liquid–solid ratio (R) on the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential were investigated. The best extraction conditions were identified using the desirability function, which is a multi-response optimization technique. The optimal processing parameters were 67.5% of ethanol concentration, temperature of 80.9 °C, liquid/solid ratio of 59.8 mL/g, and extraction time of 13.6 min. HPLC–UV has been used to identify the main antioxidant compounds obtained under these optimal condition. Based on the results, acerola waste has high potential for better use, such as in food and pharmaceutical applications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrade LA, Barrozo MAS, Vieira LGM (2016) Thermo-chemical behavior and product formation during pyrolysis of mango seed shell. Ind Crops Prod 85:174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.004
Anjos O, Campos MG, Ruiz PC, Antunes P (2015) Application of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy to the quantification of sugar in honey. Food Chem 169:218–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.138
Barrozo MAS, Murata VV, Costa SM (1998) The drying of soybean seeds in countercurrent and concurrent moving bed dryers. Dry Technol 16(9–10):2033–2047. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917510
Barrozo MAS, Santos KG, Cunha FG (2013) Mechanical extraction of natural dye from Bixa orellana seeds in spouted bed. Ind Crops Prod 45:279–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.052
Barrozo MAS, Mujundar A, Freire JT (2014) Air-drying of seeds: a review. Dry Technol 32(10):1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2014.915220
Bortolotti CT, Santos KG, Francisquetti MCC, Duarte CR, Barrozo MAS (2013) Hydrodynamic study of a mixture of west indian cherry residue and soybean grains in a spouted bed. Can J Chem Eng 91(11):1871–1880. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.21870
Brand-Wiliams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 28(1):25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Cardoso-Ugarte GA, Sosa-Morales ME, Ballard T, Liceaga A, San Martín-González MF (2014) Microwave-assisted extraction of betalains from red beet (Beta vulgaris). LWT Food Sci Technol 59(1):276–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.05.025
Cascant MM, Sisouane M, Tahiri S, Krati MEL, Cervera ML, Garrires S, Guardia M (2016) Determination of total phenolic compounds in compost by infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 153:360–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.020
Chemat F, Rombaut N, Sicaire AG, Meullemiestre A, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Abert-Vian M (2017) Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review. Ultrason Sonochem 34:540–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035
Derringer G, Suich R (1980) Simultaneous optimization of several response variables. J Qual Technol 12(4):214–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224065.1980.11980968
Duzzioni AG, Lenton VM, Silva DIS, Barrozo MAS (2013) Effect of drying kinetics on main bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) residue. Int J Food Sci Technol 48(5):1041–1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12060
Ghitescu RE, Volf I, Carausu C, Bühlmann AM, Gilca IA, Popa VI (2015) Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from spruce wood bark. Ultrason Sonochem 22:535–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.07.013
Goula AM, Thymiatis K, Kaderides K (2016) Valorization of grape pomace: drying behavior and ultrasound extraction of phenolics. Food Bioprod Process 100:132–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2016.06.016
Gullón B, Lú-Chau TA, Moreira MT, Lema JM, Eibes G (2017) Rutin: a review on extraction, identification and purification methods, biological activities and approaches to enhance its bioavailability. Trends Food Sci Technol 67:220–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.07.008
Haminiuk CWI, Plata-Oviedo MSV, Mattos G, Carpes ST, Branco IG (2012) Extraction and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonols from Eugenia pyriformis using different solvents. J Food Sci Technol 51(10):2862–2866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0759-z
Hu Y, Pan ZJ, Liao W, Li J, Gruget P, Kitts DD, Lu X (2016) Determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of chocolate by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed-infrared spectroscopy. Food Chem 202:254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.130
Janicke B, Önning G, Oredsson SM (2005) Differential effects of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid on S phase distribution and length of S phase in the human colonic cell line Caco-2. J Agric Food Chem 53(17):6658–6665. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050489l
Jin GP, Chen QZ, Ding YF, He JB (2007) Electrochemistry behavior of adrenalin, serotonin and ascorbic acid at novel poly rutin modified paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode. Electrochim Acta 52(7):2535–2541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.068
Jovanović AA, Đorđević VB, Zdunić GM, Pljevljakušić DS, Šavikin KP, Gođevac DM, Bugarski BM (2017) Optimization of the extraction process of polyphenols from Thymus serpyllum L. herb using maceration, heat- and ultrasound-assisted techniques. Sep Purif Technol 179:369–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.01.055
Liao N, Zhong J, Ye X, Lu S, Wang W, Zhang R, Xu J, Chen S, Liu D (2015) Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharide from Corbicula fluminea: characterization and antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 60(2):1113–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.009
Lou Z, Wang H, Zhang M, Wang Z (2010) Improved extraction of oil from chickpea under ultrasound in a dynamic system. J Food Eng 98(1):13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.11.015
Movasaghi Z, Rehman S, Rehman I (2008) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of biological tissues. Appl Spectrosc Rev 43(2):134–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704920701829043
Nogueira GDR, Duarte CR, Barrozo MAS (2019a) Hydrothermal carbonization of acerola (Malphigia emarginata DC) wastes and its application as an adsorbent. J Waste Manag 95:466–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.039
Nogueira GDR, Silva PB, Duarte CR, Barrozo MAS (2019b) Analysis of a hybrid packed bed dryer assisted by infrared radiation for processing acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) residue. Food Bioprod Process 114:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.01.007
Paz JEW, Márquez DBM, Ávila GCM, Cerda REB, Aguilar CN (2015) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from native plants in the Mexican desert. Ultrason Sonochem 22:474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.06.001
Ribeiro LF, Ribani RH, Francisco TMG, Soares AA, Pontarolo R, Haminiuk CWI (2015) Profile of bioactive compounds from grape pomace (Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca) by spectrophotometric, chromatographic and spectral analyses. J Chromatogr B 1007:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.005
Silva DIS, Nogueira GDR, Duzzioni AG, Barrozo MAS (2013) Changes of antioxidant constituents in pineapple (Ananas comosus) residue during drying process. Ind Crop Prod 50:557–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.001
Silva PB, Duarte CR, Barrozo MAS (2016) Dehydration of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) residue in a new designed rotary dryer: effect of process variables on main bioactive compounds. Food Bioprod Process 98:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2015.12.008
Singleton VL, Rossi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16:144–158
Taham T, Cabral FA, Barrozo MAS (2015) Extraction of bixin from annatto seeds using combined technologies. J Supercrit Fluids 100:175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2015.02.006
Tomšik A, Pavlić B, Vladić J, Ramić M, Brindza J, Vidović S (2016) Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.). Ultrason Sonochem 29:502–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.11.005
Tsakona S, Galanakis CM, Gekas V (2012) Hydro-ethanolic mixtures for the recovery of phenols from Mediterranean plant materials. Food Bioprocess Technol 5(4):1384–1393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0419-0
Xu D, Zheng J, Zhou Y, Li Y, Li S, Li H (2017) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural antioxidants from the flower of Limonium sinuatum: optimization and comparison with conventional methods. Food Chem 217:552–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.013
Zhao G, Zhang R, Liu L, Deng Y, Wei Z, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zhang M (2017) Different thermal drying methods affect the phenolic profiles, their bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk berries. LWT Food Sci Technol 79:260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.01.039
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W (1999) The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 64(4):555–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Brazilian agencies CNPq, CAPES and FAPEMIG for supporting our investigations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Silva, P.B., Mendes, L.G., Rehder, A.P.B. et al. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from acerola waste. J Food Sci Technol 57, 4627–4636 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04500-8
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04500-8