Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Haskap Leaves (Lonicera caerulea) Using Salt/Ethanol Aqueous Two-Phase Flotation

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Food and Bioprocess Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF) was used for the extraction and partial purification of bioactive compounds from haskap leaves. Two ATPF systems, ammonium sulfate/ethanol and sodium phosphate/ethanol, were compared. A Box-Behnken approach was used to investigate the operating parameters which included sample loading (5.0, 52.5, and 100.0 mg), flotation time (5, 62.5, 120 min), and air flow rate (11.4, 20.0, 28.6 mL/min). Response surface optimization was performed to maximize the yields of chlorogenic acid (CGA), flavonoids, and total phenolics (total phenolic content, TPC). At the optimized parameters for the ammonium sulfate/ethanol ATPF system (i.e., 5-mg leaves, 120-min flotation time, and air flow rate of 28.6 mL/min), the extraction efficiencies were 97.1%, 98.7%, and 99.6% for CGA, flavonoids, and TPC, respectively. The corresponding partition coefficients were 29.6 for CGA, 62.4 for flavonoids, and 231.4 for TPC. Quantitation of individual compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography showed that ATPF with ammonium sulfate/ethanol achieved yields of 0.031 mg CGA/mg dry mass leaves, 0.027-mg rutin/mg dry mass leaves, 0.006-mg luteolin-7-O-glucoside/mg dry mass leaves, and 0.007-mg diosmin/mg dry mass leaves. Based on the overall extraction performance, ammonium sulfate/ethanol ATPF is the preferred system in comparison to sodium phosphate/ethanol ATPF, for the extraction of bioactive compounds from haskap leaves.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data will be made available upon request.

Code Availability

Not applicable

References

  • Becker, R., Pączkowski, C., & Szakiel, A. (2017). Triterpenoid profile of fruit and leaf cuticular waxes of edible honeysuckle Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 86(1). https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.3539

  • Belay, A., & Gholap, A. V. (2009). Characterization and determination of chlorogenic acids (CGA) in coffee beans by UV-Vis spectroscopy. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 3(11), 34–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besagni, G., & Inzoli, F. (2017). The effect of liquid phase properties on bubble column fluid dynamics: Gas holdup, flow regime transition, bubble size distributions and shapes, interfacial areas and foaming phenomena. Chemical Engineering Science, 170, 270–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2017.03.043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bezerra, M. A., Santelli, R. E., Oliveira, E. P., Villar, L. S., Escaleira, L. A. (2008). Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta, 76(5), 965–977.

  • Bi, P., Chang, L., Mu, Y., Liu, J., Wu, Y., Geng, X., & Wei, Y. (2013). Separation and concentration of baicalin from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi extract by aqueous two-phase flotation. Separation and Purification Technology, 116, 454–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.06.024.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bi, P., Dong, H., & Dong, J. (2010a). The recent progress of solvent sublation. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(16), 2716–2725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bi, P., Dong, H., & Yuan, Y. (2010b). Application of aqueous two-phase flotation in the separation and concentration of puerarin from Puerariae extract. Separation and Purification Technology, 75(3), 402–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.09.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bimakr, M., Rahman, R. A., Ganjloo, A., Taip, F. S., Salleh, L. M., & Sarker, M. Z. I. (2012). Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive flavonoid compounds from spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves by using response surface methodology. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(3), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0504-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blatkiewicz, M., Antecka, A., Boruta, T., Górak, A., & Ledakowicz, S. (2018). Partitioning of laccases derived from Cerrena unicolor and Pleurotus sapidus in polyethylene glycol – phosphate aqueous two–phase systems. Process Biochemistry, 67, 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.01.011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonarska-Kujawa, D., Pruchnik, H., Cyboran, S., Żyłka, R., Oszmiański, J., & Kleszczyńska, H. (2014). Biophysical mechanism of the protective effect of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.1. Bonarska-Kujawa D, Pruchnik H, Cyboran S, et al (2014) Biophysical mechanism of the protective effect of blue honeysuckle Lonicera caerulea L. var. kamtschatica Se). The Journal of Membrane Biology, 247(7), 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-014-9677-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boyarskikh, I. G., Chankina, O. V., Syso, A. I., & Vasiliev, V. G. (2015). Trends in the content of chemical elements in leaves of Lonicers Caerulea (Caprifoliaceae) in connection with their secondary metabolism in the natural populations of the Altai Mountains. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics, 79(1), 94–97. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1062873815010086.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celli, G. B., Ghanem, A., & Brooks, M. S. L. (2014). Haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.)—a critical review of antioxidant capacity and health-related studies for potential value-added products. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 7(6), 1541–1554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1301-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chemat, F., Abert-Vian, M., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., Strube, J., Uhlenbrock, L., Gunjevic, V., & Cravotto, G. (2019). Green extraction of natural products. Origins, current status, and future challenges. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 248–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.037.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Z., Song, H., Cao, X., Shen, Q., Han, D., Zhong, F., Hu, H., & Yang, Y. (2017). Simultaneous extraction and purification of polysaccharides from Gentiana scabra Bunge by microwave-assisted ethanol-salt aqueous two-phase system. Industrial Crops and Products, 102, 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.03.029.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chong, K. Y., Stefanova, R., Zhang, J., & Brooks, M. S.-L. (2020). Aqueous two-phase extraction of bioactive compounds from haskap leaves (Lonicera caerulea): comparison of salt/ethanol and sugar/propanol systems. Separation and Purification Technology, 252, 117399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117399.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, J. K. (2017). Concentration and content of secondary metabolites in fruit and leaves of haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.).

  • de Araújo Padilha, C. E., Dantas, P. V. F., da Nogueira, C., de Sousa Leitão, A. L., Almeida, H. N., de Santana Souza, D. F., et al. (2018). Enhancing the recovery and concentration of polyphenols from camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. McVaugh) by aqueous two-phase flotation and scale-up process. Separation Science and Technology, 53(13), 2126. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1442865.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donelian, A., Carlson, L. H. C., Lopes, T. J., & Machado, R. A. F. (2009). Comparison of extraction of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil with supercritical CO2 and by steam distillation. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 48(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.020.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Darra, N., Grimi, N., Vorobiev, E., Louka, N., & Maroun, R. (2013). Extraction of polyphenols from red grape pomace assisted by pulsed ohmic heating. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6(5), 1281–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0869-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, X.-Q., Zhang, G.-L., Deng, L., & Dang, Y.-Y. (2019). Simultaneous extraction and enrichment of polyphenol and lutein from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower by an enzyme-assisted ethanol/ammonium sulfate system. Food & Function, 10(1), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FO01865K.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golunski, S. M., Sala, L., Silva, M. F., Dallago, R. M., Mulinari, J., Mossi, A. J., Brandelli, A., Kalil, S. J., di Luccio, M., & Treichel, H. (2016). Interference of salts used on aqueous two-phase systems on the quantification of total proteins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 83, 30–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.056.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han, J., Wang, Y., Luo, L., Kang, W., Chen, H., Liu, Y., Li, Y., & Ni, L. (2014). Optimization of separation and determination of chloramphenicol in food using aqueous two-phase flotation coupled with HPLC. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 11(6), 1775–1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-014-0463-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatti-Kaul, R. (2000). Aqueous two-phase systems: methods and protocols. In Hatti-Kaul, R. (ed), Totowa: Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-028-4:1

  • Horžić, D., Jambrak, A. R., Belščak-Cvitanović, A., Komes, D., & Lelas, V. (2012). Comparison of conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction techniques of yellow tea and bioactive composition of obtained extracts. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(7), 2858–2870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0791-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, B. J., Wei, Y. Q., Ma, F., Wang, X. N., & Yang, S. Z. (2018). Chelatometric salting-out extraction and characteristics of flavonoids from Folium nelumbinis based on an ethanol/K2HPO4system. Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia), 53(5), 717–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2017.1397023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hummer, K. E., Pomper, K. W., Postman, J., Graham, C. J., Stover, E., Mercure, E. W., et al. (2012). Emerging fruit crops - fruit breeding. In M. L. Badenes & D. H. Byrne (eds.), (pp. 97–147). Boston: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9_4

  • Jiang, B., Na, J., Wang, L., Li, D., Liu, C., & Feng, Z. (2019a). Reutilization of food waste: one-step extration, purification and characterization of ovalbumin from salted egg white by aqueous two-phase flotation. Foods., 8(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080286.

  • Jiang, L., Belwal, T., Huang, H., Ge, Z., Limwachiranon, J., Zhao, Y., Li, L., Ren, G., & Luo, Z. (2019b). Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds from bamboo shoot shell under optimized ultrasonic-assisted conditions: a potential source of nutraceutical compounds. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 12(10), 1741–1755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02321-y.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kevers, C., Falkowski, M., Tabart, J., Defraigne, J.-O., Dommes, J., & Pincemail, J. (2007). Evolution of antioxidant capacity during storage of selected fruits and vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(21), 8596–8603. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071736j.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khattab, R., Brooks, M. S.-L., & Ghanem, A. (2016). Phenolic analyses of haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.): spectrophotometry versus high performance liquid chromatography. International Journal of Food Properties, 19(8), 1708–1725. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2015.1084316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koyande, A. K., Chew, K. W., Lim, J.-W., Lee, S. Y., Lam, M. K., & Show, P.-L. (2019). Optimization of protein extraction from Chlorella Vulgaris via novel sugaring-out assisted liquid biphasic electric flotation system. Engineering in Life Sciences, 0(0), 19(12), 968–977. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201900068.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnaswamy, K., Orsat, V., Gariépy, Y., & Thangavel, K. (2013). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6(2), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0800-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmi, M. C., Madhusudhan, M. C., & Raghavarao, K. S. M. S. (2012). Extraction and purification of lipoxygenase from soybean using aqueous two-phase system. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(1), 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-009-0278-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazic, Z. R. (2006). Design of experiments in chemical engineering: a practical guide. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Leal, P. F., Maia, N. B., Carmello, Q. A. C., Catharino, R. R., Eberlin, M. N., & Meireles, M. A. A. (2007). Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE): global yields, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and estimation of the cost of manufacturing. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1(4), 326–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-007-0030-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. Y., Khoiroh, I., Ling, T. C., & Show, P. L. (2016). Aqueous two-phase flotation for the recovery of biomolecules. Separation and Purification Reviews, 45(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2015.1007147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leong, H. Y., Ooi, C. W., Law, C. L., Julkifle, A. L., Ling, T. C., & Show, P. L. (2018). Application of liquid biphasic flotation for betacyanins extraction from peel and flesh of Hylocereus polyrhizus and antioxidant activity evaluation. Separation and Purification Technology, 201(May 2018), 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M., & Dong, H. (2010). The investigation on the aqueous two-phase floatation of lincomycin. Separation and Purification Technology, 73(2), 208–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.04.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y. K., Show, P. L., Yap, Y. J., Tan, C. P., Ng, E. P., Ariff, A. B., Mohamad Annuar, M. S. B., & Ling, T. C. (2015). Direct recovery of cyclodextringlycosyltransferase from Bacillus cereus using aqueous two-phase flotation. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 120(6), 684–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.04.013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • López de Dicastillo, C., Bustos, F., Valenzuela, X., López-Carballo, G., Vilariño, J. M., & Galotto, M. J. (2017). Chilean berry Ugni molinae Turcz. fruit and leaves extracts with interesting antioxidant, antimicrobial and tyrosinase inhibitory properties. Food Research International, 102, 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, F.-Y., Gu, C.-B., Li, C.-Y., Luo, M., Wang, W., Zu, Y.-G., Li, J., & Fu, Y. J. (2013). Microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of isoflavonoids from Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen leaves. Separation and Purification Technology, 115, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.05.003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machida, K., Asano, J., & Kikuchi, M. (1995). Caeruleosides A and B, bis-iridoid glucosides from Lonicera caerulea. Phytochemistry, 39(1), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00853-L.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nandini, K. E., & Rastogi, N. K. (2011). Liquid–liquid extraction of lipase using aqueous two-phase system. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 4(2), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-008-0160-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naveed, M., Hejazi, V., Abbas, M., Kamboh, A. A., Khan, G. J., Shumzaid, M., Ahmad, F., Babazadeh, D., FangFang, X., Modarresi-Ghazani, F., WenHua, L., & XiaoHui, Z. (2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 97, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.064.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, H. S., Ng, T.-C., Kee, P. E., Tan, J. S., Yim, H. S., & Lan, J. C.-W. (2020). Partition efficiency of cytochrome c with alcohol/salt aqueous biphasic flotation system. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 129(2), 237–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.08.013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oszmiański, J., Wojdyło, A., Gorzelany, J., & Kapusta, I. (2011). Identification and characterization of low molecular weight polyphenols in berry leaf extracts by HPLC-DAD and LC-ESI/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(24), 12830–12835. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf203052j.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Araújo Padilha, C. E., Dantas, P. V. F., Sousa Júnior, F. C., Oliveira Júnior, S. D., da Costa Nogueira, C., de Santana Souza, D. F., et al. (2017). Recovery and concentration of ortho-phenylphenol from biodesulfurization of 4-methyl dibenzothiophene by aqueous two-phase flotation. Separation and Purification Technology, 176, 306–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.12.029.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pakhale, S. V., Vetal, M. D., & Rathod, V. K. (2013). Separation of bromelain by aqueous two phase flotation. Separation Science and Technology, 48(6), 984–989. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2012.712596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, C. G., & Meireles, M. A. A. (2010). Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds: fundamentals, applications and economic perspectives. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 3(3), 340–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-009-0263-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Périno-Issartier, S., Zill-e-Huma, Abert-Vian, M., & Chemat, F. (2011). Solvent free microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidants from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) food by-products. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 4(6), 1020–1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0438-x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piljac-Žegarac, J., & Šamec, D. (2011). Antioxidant stability of small fruits in postharvest storage at room and refrigerator temperatures. Food Research International, 44(1), 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.039.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pisoschi, A. M., & Pop, A. (2015). The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: a review. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 97, 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Platis, D., & Labrou, N. E. (2006). Development of an aqueous two-phase partitioning system for fractionating therapeutic proteins from tobacco extract. Journal of Chromatography A, 1128(1), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.047.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radojković, M., Zeković, Z., Mašković, P., Vidović, S., Mandić, A., Mišan, A., & Đurović, S. (2016). Biological activities and chemical composition of Morus leaves extracts obtained by maceration and supercritical fluid extraction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 117, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.05.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Routray, W., & Orsat, V. (2012). Microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(2), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-011-0573-z.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Routray, W., Orsat, V., & Gariepy, Y. (2014). Effect of different drying methods on the microwave extraction of phenolic components and antioxidant activity of highbush blueberry leaves. Drying Technology, 32(16), 1888–1904. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2014.919002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safdar, M. N., Kausar, T., Jabbar, S., Mumtaz, A., Ahad, K., & Saddozai, A. A. (2017). Extraction and quantification of polyphenols from kinnow (Citrus reticulate L.) peel using ultrasound and maceration techniques. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 25(3), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.07.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Ballesta, M. T., Romero, I., Jiménez, J. B., Orea, J. M., González-Ureña, Á., Escribano, M. I., & Merodio, C. (2007). Involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the response of table grapes to low temperature and high CO2 levels. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 46(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.04.001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senica, M., Bavec, M., Stampar, F., & Mikulic-Petkovsek, M. (2018). Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea subsp. edulis (Turcz. ex Herder) Hultén.) berries and changes in their ingredients across different locations. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8837.

  • Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299C, 152–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Z., Wang, C., Yi, Y., Wang, H., Li, M., Zhou, W., Tan, S., & Li, F. (2014). Extraction and purification of chlorogenic acid from ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) leaf using an ethanol/salt aqueous two-phase system. Separation and Purification Technology, 132, 396–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.05.048.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tham, P. E., Ng, Y. J., Sankaran, R., Khoo, K. S., Chew, K. W., Yap, Y. J., Malahubban, M., Aziz Zakry, F. A., & Show, P. L. (2019). Recovery of protein from dairy milk waste product using alcohol-salt liquid biphasic flotation. Processes., 7(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120875.

  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020). CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID = 56ecf6cbc894976e144848106d4104e8&mc = true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title21/21cfr582_main_02.tpl. Accessed 23 March 2018

  • Wang, W., Sun, C., Mao, L., Ma, P., Liu, F., Yang, J., & Gao, Y. (2016). The biological activities, chemical stability, metabolism and delivery systems of quercetin: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 56, 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.07.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Cynthia Swinimer of Lone Tree Farm and Dr. Evie Kemp of Haskapa for assisting in the leaf collection process.

Funding

This work was supported by funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada

    Kar Yeen Chong & Marianne Su-Ling Brooks

  2. Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada

    Roumiana Stefanova & Junzeng Zhang

Authors
  1. Kar Yeen Chong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roumiana Stefanova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Junzeng Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Kar Yeen Chong: methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, visualization. Roumiana Stefanova: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, resources, writing—review and editing, visualization. Junzeng Zhang: conceptualization, formal analysis, resources, writing—review and editing, visualization. Marianne Su-Ling Brooks: conceptualization, resources, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marianne Su-Ling Brooks.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chong, K.Y., Stefanova, R., Zhang, J. et al. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Haskap Leaves (Lonicera caerulea) Using Salt/Ethanol Aqueous Two-Phase Flotation. Food Bioprocess Technol 13, 2131–2144 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-020-02553-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-020-02553-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation